For details on this case and other (relatively) lucky individuals whose false convictions were subsequently overturned with DNA evidence, see the Innocence Project website (http://www.innocenceproject.org/). Some subjects were then asked leading questions about what had happened in the slides. Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence. the simplest case a chunk may be a single digit (which would allow someone By this, Bartlett meant that we try to fir what we remember with. Faulty eyewitness testimony has been implicated in at least 75% of DNA exoneration cases—more than any other cause (Garrett, 2011). Then subjects worked individually on 20 additional memory test questions. Bernstein, D. M., & Loftus, E. F., (2009a). We will also review ways to reduce bias when police conduct line-ups. memory works not simply as a passive recording device, but that individuals Read the article below and respond to the questions. Wells, G. L., Memon, A., & Penrod, S. D. (2006). recognise faces even though they are capable of showing many different That is, subjects allowed their co-witnesses to corrupt their memories for what they had seen. Platz & Hosch (1988) performed a study where they had stooges of different Some factors have been shown to make eyewitness identification errors particularly likely. They ask you a variety of questions about the perpetrator. People who sufferer from prosopagnasia are unable to L & P concluded that the wording of the question did have an effect on the speed estimates given. The main strength of the multi-store model was the research that it having seen glass. recorded, with information being retrieved in much the same form as it was encoded. present research by Loftus and colleagues supporting memory is unreliable; present research by Yuille for example that criticises the research for ecological validity. confabulating; that is they honestly believed that they'd seen True photographs and false memories. The participants were then asked questions about the video, with one key word manipulated. In most jurisdictions in the United States, lineups are typically conducted with pictures, called photo spreads, rather than with actual people standing behind one-way glass (Wells, Memon, & Penrod, 2006). Association for Psychological Science. the film (there hadn't), the "smashed" group were more likely to "remember" Paterson, H. M., & Kemp, R. I. Proposes that memory is an active process that involves the reconstruction of information, rather than being the passive retrieval of information. They can fail to pick the perpetrator out of a target present lineup (by picking a foil or by neglecting to make a selection), or they can pick a foil in a target absent lineup (wherein the only correct choice is to not make a selection). Reconstructive Memory; Weapon Focus; Leading Questions (Loftus and Palmer, 1974) Anxiety / Stress. Bernstein, D. M., & Loftus, E. F. (2009b). This was the first case study of EWT, which was a field study and a study therefore of a real case that had not been manipulated by the researchers. The eyewitness may be interviewed by the police and numerous lawyers, describe the perpetrator to several different people, and make an identification of the perpetrator, among other things. These patients’ therapists claimed that the patients were recovering genuine memories of real childhood abuse, buried deep in their minds for years or even decades. Make my memory: How advertising can change our memories of the past. Effects of exposure time and cognitive operations on facial identification accuracy: A meta-analysis of two variables associated with initial memory strength. without having to think about it, the processes involved in face recognition Do you remember proposing marriage to the Pepsi machine? She expressed concern at the over-reliance on EWT’s in court, with her research showing: That our memories can reconstruct information. But there are some things that the justice system can do to help lineup identifications “go right.” For example, investigators can put together high-quality, fair lineups. Mock witnesses (and indeed real witnesses) can make errors in two different ways. To what extent is memory reliable? This enabled the researchers to see the extent to which the conclusions of such previous studies were reliable. Are there ways we can improve this process? Current issues and advances in misinformation research. Describe the kinds of mistakes that eyewitnesses commonly make and some of the ways that this can impede justice. While in For example, subjects could apparently Subjects in one study were more likely to say yes when asked “Did you see the broken headlight?” than when asked “Did you see a broken headlight?” (Loftus, 1975). The subjects were asked to write about each of the four events in a booklet and then were interviewed two separate times. The process involves opplico- tion of three kinds of reconstructive strategies-component-to-context inston- tiotion strotegies, component-instontiotion strategies. Retrieved from Eyewitness Testimony and Memory Biases. [P] Participants listened to a story about a house that was left empty on thursdays. Garry, M., French, L., Kinzett, T., & Mori, K. (2008). In these studies, subjects are told (falsely) that a powerful computer system has analyzed questionnaires that they completed previously and has concluded that they had a particular experience years earlier. A memory template, created through repeated exposure to a particular class of objects or events. Other important recommendations that have come out of this research include better ways to conduct lineups, “double blind” lineups, unbiased instructions for witnesses, and conducting lineups in a sequential fashion (see Technical Working Group for Eyewitness Evidence, 1999; Wells et al., 1998; Wells & Olson, 2003). Is memory schematic? Ross, J.D. Brewer, W. F., & Treyens, J. C. (1981). I still think it was a banana: Memorable ‘lies’ and forgettable ‘truths’.