The second piece of federal legislation to address the use of genetic information and discrimination in the United States was the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) of 2008. Genetic discrimination is the misuse of genetic information. .dol-alert-status-error .alert-status-container {display:inline;font-size:1.4em;color:#e31c3d;} Department for Health and Human Services (2009). Title II prohibits employment discrimination. Il Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (anche detto GINA) è una legge adottata dal Congresso degli Stati Uniti che proibisce l'utilizzo di informazioni genetiche nell'assicurazione sanitaria e nel contratto di lavoro. These tests can predict the risk of disease in adults, as well as establish prenatal and infant prognoses. GINA also protects individuals from genetic discrimination in healthcare, however, GINA itself does not … [26], Malawi is the only country in Africa that has emplaced any laws regarding genetic discrimination. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Where discrimination on the basis of protected group status is concerned, a single act of discrimination may be based on membership in more than one protected group. The Genetic Privacy and Nondiscrimination Act of 1996. Genetic testing is the analysis of human genes, proteins, and certain metabolites, in order to detect inherited disease-related propensities. Slaughter was the lead House sponsor of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act, which became law in 2008. It had been subject of a "Secret hold" placed by Tom Coburn, Republican U.S. senator from Oklahoma.[13]. Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? Similarly, it believes that such legislation is necessary so that patients are comfortable availing themselves to genetic diagnostic tests." [33] By offering optional genetic testing to workers and allowing only the workers to see their own results, employers could protect genetically susceptible individuals from certain occupational diseases. Genetic discrimination occurs when people treat others (or are treated) differently because they have or are perceived to have a gene mutation(s) that causes or increases the risk of an inherited disorder. The act bars the use of genetic information in health insurance and employment: it prohibits group health plans and health insurers from denying coverage to a healthy individual or charging that person higher premiums based solely on a genetic predisposition to developing a disease in the future, and it bars employers from using individuals' genetic information when making hiring, firing, job placement, or promotion decisions. .manual-search-block #edit-actions--2 {order:2;} [19], The shortage of knowledge about and awareness of direct-to-consumer genetic testing is one of the contributors to the limited purchasing of this kind of service. Job interviews, health insurance purchasing, and even potential dates can be sized up according to the perceived quality of the person's DNA due to advancements in genome sequencing. 1227 by Representative Biggert, R-IL, and as S. 306 by Senator Snowe, R-ME. Federal Law Protects Privacy Of Genetic Testing Results, Implications of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA). Upon birth, a number of genetically-induced characteristics are calculated: physical and intellectual capacity, life expectancy, probable successful diseases, and likely causes of death, all determined via blood samples and genetic testing. [13], In 2008, The New York Times reported that some individuals avoid genetic testing out of fear that it will would impede their ability to purchase insurance or find a job. @media (max-width: 992px){.usa-js-mobile-nav--active, .usa-mobile_nav-active {overflow: auto!important;}} It may also refer to any and all discrimination based on the genotype of a person rather than their individual merits, including that related to race. These tests are easily accessible on the market and popularized by companies such as 23andMe and Ancestry.com. "[2] The Act contains amendments to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974[3] and the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. For example, workers with beryllium sensitivity and chronic beryllium disease are more likely to carry the gene HLA-DPB1 than workers without these conditions. .usa-footer .grid-container {padding-left: 30px!important;} [14] In November 2016 insurance company GWG Life was found to be collecting saliva samples in order to offer lower rates to people who are epigenetically healthier than others of their age. [16], Direct-to-consumer genetic testing was first offered in 1997 by GeneTree, a now defunct family history website. [16] Additionally, 2008 GINA offers no protection for home/mortgage insurance or when an employer has 15 or less employees. Le sénateur Ted Kennedy s'est félicité de cette loi, la qualifiant de première loi d'importance pour la protection des droits de l'individu du XXIe siècle[2]. .manual-search ul.usa-list li {max-width:100%;} My father was right. Government policies are therefore needed to assure the proper use of genetic tests. Without it, more high-risk people would buy insurance, causing rate unfairness. In 2017, HR 1313[24] was introduced which would have let employers demand workers' genetic test results. [25] The bill was not enacted. The bill was then sent back to the House of Representatives and passed 414-1 on May 1; the lone dissenter was Congressman Ron Paul. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. The GINA legislation has historically received support from the majority of both Democrats and Republicans, as evidenced by the 420-3 vote in 2007 by the House of Representatives. [8] It was signed into law by President George W. Bush, and passed in the US Senate by a vote of 49–0 and in the House of Representatives by 414–1. As of 2007, their argument makes the claim that because all humans have genetic anomalies, this would prevent them from accessing medication and health insurance. The CGF became the primary non-governmental driver of Federal genetic non-discrimination legislation. [14] The new guidelines are effective on July 16, 2016. [23] The Supreme Court of Canada upheld the law's constitutionality in a 5–4 split ruling on July 10, 2020. [5] Many countries are still developing policies to combat genetic discrimination in science, law, and everyday life.