Because of its use as a weed killer, a large number of cases of chlorate poisoning have been reported [11]. El Paso wanted at least a 10 percent cost savings by using the Eka Chemicals process. When El Paso converted a few years ago from normal chlorine dioxide dosages (1.0p;1.4ppm) with ferric sulfate coagulant to high dosage chlorine dioxide with ferrous chloride, plant effluent total oxidant levels were significantly reduced. In the interest of demonstrating the process attributes in the field, it was proposed that a trial be conducted. For an adult human, the oral lethal dose is estimated to be as low as 20 g of sodium chlorate (or 230 mg of chlorate per kg of body weight) [12]. The Eka Chemical system was prequalified for generating chlorine dioxide using their proprietary generator based on plant trial results.  In humans, both ClO2– and ClO3– exposure have resulted in changes in red blood cells due to oxidative stress [13]. This anion has one chlorine atom bound to three oxygen atoms; two Cl=O bonds and one Cl-O bond. Paul. In fact, El Paso is currently considering lowering the pH during treatment with acid to increase removal of total organic carbon in order to comply with future Stage 2 disinfection by-products rule of 40 ppb TTHMs as proposed by USEPA. However, there are some probable consequences in terms of precursor reduction in the formation of trihalomethanes since a small amount of free chlorine residual is present in the chlorine dioxide/chlorite/chlorate species. For more information, see the April 1997 article in Water Engineering & Management entitled "'Can You Have Your Cake and Eat It Too' with Chlorine Dioxide." Quantitative determination of chloride, chlorite, and chlorate ions in a mixture by successive potentiometric titrations. However, this anion is larger than a chlorine atom. Chlorite is ClO2-, carrying the same charge as chloride, but with two oxygen atoms bonded to it. Sodium chloride is also known as table salt and is the most common type of salt. At 95 percent efficiency, the cost of converting chlorine and chlorite to chlorine dioxide is $2.15 per pound of chlorine dioxide. FeCl dosages are calculated on a liquid to liquid basis (i.e., 64 ppm = 64 gallons/million gallons). This was corrected by installing UHMW heads on the reactors and check valves in the unit discharge lines. It means that it can easily oxidize other material while reducing itself. DOI: 10.1021/ac50059a014. 6. Department of National Health and Welfare (Canada). Tables 4 and 5 summarize Plant 1 (chlorite system) and Plant 2 (chlorate system) process results. Geneva, 1989.  Disinfectant byproducts are usually caused by high concentration of disinfectants, such as the ones in this study. It is particularly important to know how much chlorate and chlorite are present in water because of the potential for adverse impacts due to high exposure to these anions. This will benefit all consumers in the form of lower costs and increased service. The State regulatory agency (Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission) requires a minimum of 95 percent conversion or efficiency of the generator. Figure 02: Chemical Structure of Chlorate Ion. Table 2 shows a comparison of Generator Solutions Analysis for the two systems. With the chlorite-based system (Vulcan/Rio Linda), El Paso must depend on a ferrous ion addition to eliminate the excess chlorite but cannot eliminate the chlorates available either from the stock 25 percent sodium chlorite solution or from possible inefficiencies of the generator. To ensure high efficiency, chlorine is slightly overfed in chlorite systems. However, both systems are required by TNRCC to generate chlorine dioxide gas at a minimum of 95 percent efficiency. The key difference between chloride and chlorate is that the chloride anion contains only one atom whereas the chlorate anion contains four atoms. Use of this calibration curve can then aid in the determination of the Cl–, ClO2– and ClO3– levels in water samples of unknown concentrations [4]. Chloride is the ion generated when a chlorine atom gains an electron. Respiratory problems, such as asthma have been linked to exposure to chloroamine [12,14]. NAS, “Drinking water and health.†Vol. When considering the occurrence of this anion, sea water contains around 1.94% chloride ions. ... El Paso is able to feed much higher levels of chlorine dioxide because ferrous chloride is used to convert the chlorite to harmless chloride while converting the ferrous ion to a substitute for the primary coagulant in the process. Figure 6. However, the natural occurrence of these compounds is not yet confirmed. Since the Canal Water Plant is actually two 20 mgd facilities located side by side, it was ideal to run comparison plant trials of the two types of technologies in generating chlorine dioxide. The difference between chloride and chlorate is that the chloride anion contains only one atom whereas the chlorate anion contains four atoms. During the trial, Plant 1 treated an average of 21.5 mgd while Plant 2 treated an average of 24 mgd. Summary – Chloride vs Chlorate. This higher dosage of chlorine dioxide provides superior disinfection credit and some precursor destruction for lowering trihalomethanes potential at a rate of about 10 ppb per 1 ppm of chlorine dioxide dose to the raw water but it depends on the amount of excess chlorine in the total oxidant species. Chloride (Cl–), chlorite (ClO2–) and chlorate (ClO3–) are anions commonly found in swimming pool and drinking water due to treatment with different processes for suppression of bacteria, usually through chlorination. Unfortunately, these anions have potential negative health implications and as such, it is crucial to monitor their levels. High Performance Ion Exchange Chromatography is used here to determine the residual concentrations of these anions in water samples submitted for evaluations from three separate industrial sites. A newly developed method using SMT ionRes A50 column shows very high resolution and possible detections in the levels of 10 parts per billion of all the anions.